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Understanding stocks and how they work

Learn about investing in stocks

Understand the basics

What are stocks?

Stocks, also called equities, help drive growth in long-term portfolios. When you invest in stocks, you own shares in companies, represented by the number of shares possessed. The value of your investments reflects how well those businesses perform.

Stocks and Equities video

Length 01:54
[Intro Music]
On-screen Disclaimer:
Please read important information at the end of this program. Recorded on 10/11/2024.
On-screen copy:
Theadora Lamprecht. Investment Strategist, Chief Investment Office, Merrill and Bank of America Private Bank.
[Theadora Lamprecht speaking throughout video.]
You don't need to be a gazillionaire to buy a company or even a bunch of them. That's what stocks are for.
On-screen copy:
Stock
[Animated speech bubbles contain the following financial terms]
On-screen copy:
Bond Ladder, Dividend Yield, Asset Allocation, P/E Ratio, Alternative Investments, Diversification, Total Return, Market Breadth, Yield Curve, Net Asset Value, Soft Landing, Translation, Please!
On screen copy:
Stocks
Stocks, also called equities, offer you partial ownership of a company, sold in small pieces or shares.
[Chart titled "Stocks a.k.a. equities" with a single owner with multiple shares going into one company.]
Historically, they have seen better returns over time compared to bonds or cash, which makes them important for investors to understand and include in their asset allocation. So, how can you become an owner?
[Line graph titled "Stocks a.k.a equities" showing stocks having larger but less steady growth than bonds or cash.]
You could buy shares of a single company.
[Image with one owner having six shares in one company.]
On screen copy:
Company Performance.
While that's great if things go well, a lot rests on that single company's performance. So it's probably a good idea to diversify or invest in more than one company.
On screen copy:
Diversify: By investing in more than one company.
Ways to Diversify Through funds: Mutual Funds and Exchange Traded Funds.
Graphic of a person above two squares labeled "Mutual funds" and "Exchange Traded Funds." Below that are seven buildings representing different companies.]
Mutual funds and exchange-traded funds or ETFs can help you diversify by pooling money together from you and others that are then used to buy shares in many different companies. You can further diversify by type of company. For example, you might include different sizes, like large caps and small caps, or different sectors, like information technology or healthcare.
On screen copy:
Way to Diversity Through funds: Large Caps, Small Caps, Information technology, Healthcare.
[Graphic of a building labeled "Large caps" is nect to a small house labeled "small caps." Icons of a phone, a which person with VR headset and a healthcare shield pop up, represent different sectors.]
Or you can even complement your U.S. stocks with different regions, such as Europe and the emerging markets.
[Map appears with Europe, China, India, Indonesia, South America and Mexico highlighted.]
[Line graph titled "Volatility" with a lot of ups and downs.]
Even when you diversify, volatility can still drive the value of your investment portfolio up or down. But in the long run, their short-term peaks and valleys may matter less. That's why stocks are likely to offer you potential opportunity for long-term growth, to help you meet your goals as part of a balanced portfolio.
[Pie chart of an investment portfolio showing lots of stocks.]
And that's a quick look at stocks. Thanks for watching and stay tuned for more "Translation, Please!"
On screen disclosures:
Important Disclosures
The opinions expressed are as of 10/11/2024 and are subject to change.
Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Asset allocation, diversification and rebalancing do not ensure a profit or protection against loss in declining markets.
Mutual Fund and Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) investing involves risk, Mutual Fund or ETF shares are not guaranteed or insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or any other government agency. Investment returns may fluctuate and are subject to market volatility, so that an investor's shares, when redeemed or sold, may be worth more or less than the original cost.
Investments have varying degrees of risk. Some of the risks involved with equity securities include the possibility that the value of the stocks may fluctuate in response to events specific to the companies or markets, as well as economic, political or social events in the U.S. or abroad. Investments in foreign securities (including ADRs) involve special risks, including foreign currency risk and the possibility of substantial volatility due to adverse political, economic or other developments. These risks are magnified for investments made in emerging markets. Bonds are subject to interest rate, inflation and credit risks.
This information should not be construed as investment advice and is subject to change. It is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to be either a specific offer by Bank of America, Merrill or any affiliate to sell or provide, or a specific invitation for a consumer to apply for any particular retail financial produce or service that may be available.
The Chief Investment Office (CIO) provides thought leadership on wealth management, investment strategy and global markets; portfolio management solutions; due diligence; and solutions oversight and data analytics. CIO viewpoints are developed for Bank of America Private Bank, a division of Bank of America, N.A., ("Bank of America") and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated ("MLPF&S" or "Merrill"), a registered broker-dealer, registered investment adviser and a wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation ("BofA Corp.").
Merrill makes available certain investment products sponsored, managed, distributed or provided by companies that are affiliates of BofA Corp. MLPF&S is a registered broker-dealer, registered investment adviser, Member SIPC and a wholly owned subsidiary of BofA Corp.
Merrill Private Wealth Management is a division of MLPF&S that offers a broad array of personalized wealth management products and services. Both brokerage and investment advisory services are offered by the Private Wealth Advisors through MLPF&S. The nature and degree of advice and assistance provided, the fees charged, and client rights and Merrill's obligations will differ among these services. Investments involve risk, including the possible loss of principal investment.
The banking, credit and trust services sold by the Private Wealth Advisors are offered by licensed banks and trust companies, including Bank of America, N.A., Member FDIC and other affiliated banks.
Bank of America Private Bank is a division of Bank of America, N.A., Member FDIC and a wholly owned subsidiary of BofA Corp. Trust and fiduciary services are provided by wholly owned banking affiliates of BofA Corp., including Bank of America, N.A.
Investment products:
Are Not FDIC Insured Are Not Bank Guaranteed May Lose Value
© 2025 Bank of America Corporation. All rights reserved. 7216578 - 02/2025
[End of transcript]

See what stocks can do for your portfolio and learn about possible risks.

Stocks Can Offer Investors

  • Historically higher rate of return over longer holding periods, through past performance is no guarantee of future results
  • Suitable investment choices for long-term investors
  • The opportunity to invest in companies that align with your values
  • Tradability throughout the day
  • The ability to invest using a growth strategy, value strategy or combination of the two

Know the Risks Associated with Stocks

While stocks often have higher growth potential, they are more vulnerable to volatility and carry more risks than other investments
Stocks can require more time to research, and familiarity with financial statements, annual reports and news about the company are key to success
Diversifying your portfolio could require more effort than if you were to invest in ETFs or mutual funds, which may offer built-in diversification
In the event of a company going defunct, preferred stockholders, bond holders and other creditors will get paid out before common stockholders

Investors Should Consider

  • Your confidence in the company you're investing in
  • Your response to market volatility and how it fits into your long-term investing strategy
  • Any capital gains taxes that will apply if you sell stock for profit
  • Key data points like earnings per share, market capitalization, dividend yield, and more

What are the different types of stocks I can invest in?

Common Stock

Common stock, simply referred to as stocks, as shares of ownership in a corporation. A stock in an instrument that signifies an ownership position, or equity, in a corporation, and it represents a claim on its proportionate share in the corporation's assets and profits.

Preferred Stock

Preferred stocks are capital stocks that provide a specific dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and that takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation.

Growth Stock

Growth stock is company stock that is growing earnings and/or revenue faster than its industry or the overall market. Such companies usually pay little or no dividends, preferring to use the income instead to finance further expansion.

Value Stock

A value stock is a stock with a price that appears low relative to the company's financial performance, as measured by such fundamentals as the company's assets, revenue, dividends, earnings, and cash flows.

Restricted Stock

In a restricted stock plan, participants receive shares that are subject to certain restrictions from the company without cost or at a price determined by the company. They typically vest in increments over a period of several years. Dividends or dividend equivalent rights may be paid, and award holders may have voting rights during the restricted period.

Income & Preferred Stock

Income & preferred stocks are a fund that normally seeks a high level of current income through investing in income-producing stocks, bonds and money market instruments, or a fund that invests at least 65% of its assets in preferred securities, often considering tax code implications.

Common questions about stocks

If you're looking for more information, check out these responses to some of the common questions investors have about stocks

Want to learn more about stocks?

Whether you're looking to understand the basics of stocks or you're ready to dive into the technicalities, Merrill has the educational resources for you.
For illustrative purposes only.

Our tools can get you started

Use Merrill's powerful investing tools to get actionable insights and find the best investments for you. Our expertise will help you find ideas, narrow down your options and help you understand individual investments at a glance.
Learn more about Merrill investing tools

Learn about a full range of investment topics

Build foundational investing skills, learn to identify the right assets for your portfolio and discover tools to help you along the way.
Investing involves risk including the possible loss of principal investment.

Footnote 
Merrill, its affiliates, and financial advisors do not provide legal, tax, or accounting advice. You should consult your legal and/or tax advisors before making any financial decisions.
Diversification and asset allocation do not ensure a profit or protect against loss in declining markets.

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Investment products offered through Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, and insurance and annuity products offered through Merrill Lynch Life Agency Inc.:
Are Not FDIC Insured Are Not Bank Guaranteed May Lose Value
Are Not Deposits Are Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity

Investing in securities involves risks, and there is always the potential of losing money when you invest in securities.

Asset allocation, diversification, and rebalancing do not ensure a profit or protect against loss in declining markets.
The performance data contained herein represents past performance which does not guarantee future results. Investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance quoted. For performance information current to the most recent month end, please contact us.

Net Asset Value (NAV) returns are based on the prior-day closing NAV value at 4 p.m. ET. NAV returns assume the reinvestment of all dividend and capital gain distributions at NAV when paid.

Market price returns are based on the prior-day closing market price, which is the average of the midpoint bid-ask prices at 4 p.m. ET. Market price returns do not represent the returns an investor would receive if shares were traded at other times.

Returns include fees and applicable loads. Since Inception returns are provided for funds with less than 10 years of history and are as of the fund's inception date. 10 year returns are provided for funds with greater than 10 years of history.

Before investing consider carefully the investment objectives, risks, and charges and expenses of the fund, including management fees, other expenses and special risks. This and other information may be found in each fund's prospectus or summary prospectus, if available. Always read the prospectus or summary prospectus carefully before you invest or send money. Prospectuses can be obtained by contacting us.

Mutual Funds and Exchange Traded Funds: Expense Ratio – Gross Expense Ratio is the total annual operating expense (before waivers or reimbursements) from the fund's most recent prospectus. You should also review the fund's detailed annual fund operating expenses which are provided in the fund's prospectus.

Closed End Funds: Expense Ratio – Gross Expense Ratio is the ratio of the fund's total annual operating expense (before waivers or reimbursements) to average net assets as of the date of the fund's most recent annual report. You should also review the fund's detailed annual operating expenses disclosed by the fund in its annual reports, semi-annual reports, and other public filings.

This material is not intended as a recommendation, offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security or investment strategy. Merrill offers a broad range of brokerage, investment advisory and other services. Additional information is available in our Client Relationship Summary (Form CRS) (PDF).

Merrill, its affiliates, and financial advisors do not provide legal, tax, or accounting advice. You should consult your legal and/or tax advisors before making any financial decisions.
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated (also referred to as "MLPF&S" or "Merrill") makes available certain investment products sponsored, managed, distributed or provided by companies that are affiliates of Bank of America Corporation ("BofA Corp."). MLPF&S is a registered broker-dealer, registered investment adviser, Member SIPC popup and a wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation ("BofA Corp.").
Banking products are provided by Bank of America, N.A. and affiliated banks, Members FDIC and wholly owned subsidiaries of Bank of America Corporation ("BofA Corp.").

Merrill Lynch Life Agency Inc. ("MLLA") is a licensed insurance agency and wholly owned subsidiary of BofA Corp.

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